HSEB Notes

Application of Statistics in Economics | Management Class 11

Notes | Economics
Application of Statistics in Economics
Class : 11

Statistical aspect is one of the important aspects for quantitative analysis in economics. Economics statistics is a systematic body of knowledge concerned with the application of statistical methods to theoretical economics argument. It is a science that checks the ideas in economies theory with the help of quantitative and historical information and suggests methods of improvements where necessary. In fact, statistical methods are the tools and appliances of an economist’s laboratory.

Notes | Economics
Application of Mathematics in Economics
Class : 11

The use of mathematics in economics puts the literary form of economics theory into mathematical language. It provides concrete form to economics laws and relations and make it more logical and practical. Beside this, mathematics helps in the systematic understanding of the relations involved and in derivation of the results which would be very difficult through verbal logic.

Question Paper | Science

Old Question Paper of Science Faculty

Class : 11

Year : 2070 B.S. (2013)

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HSEB Notes | Download
Notes on Biology ( Botany + Zoology )
Class : 11

Biology is a branch of science which deals with the study of life. We have published some notes of both zoology and botany. and we have made it direct downloadable. you can download and make it useful. We hope it will be. Please keep in mind that this notes are not prepared by us. We have collected them from our teachers and old batches. We have Notes on following topics.

Question Paper | Physics
Old Question Paper of Physics
Class : 11
Year : 2070 B.S. (2013)

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Old Question paper of Biology Class : 11 Year : 2070 B.S.

Question Paper | Biology
Old Question Paper of Biology (Botany + Zoology)
Class : 11
Year : 2070 B.S. (2013)

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Biology
Download Notes of Zoology
Class : 11

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Unit One : Introduction To Biology

Not Available-coming soon

Nature and scope of Biology, branches and relation with other sciences, General approach to understand life processes.

Unit Two : Origin And Evolution of Life

Meaning of evolution, Life and its origin, A brief history of evolutionary ideas, Oparin and Haldane's theory, Miller and Urey Experiment, Organic evolution, evidences of evolution : structural, anatomical, paleontological, embryological,biochemical and genetical, Lamarckism, Darwinism and concept of Neo-Darwinism, Human evolution.

Biology | Zoology
Detailed Study of Frog
Class : 11
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Frog (Rana tigrina)

Frog lives in fresh water, moist and damp place. They are poikilothermic (cold blooded). Frog becomes active in rainy season and they breed in rainy season. In winter and summer season, they live under soil and are inactive. The winter period is called hibernation and summer period is called aestivation. During hibernation and aestivation, they utilize food stored in their body.

Biology | Zoology

Origin And Evolution of Life

Class : 11

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There are different theories about the origin of life on the earth.
Theory of special creation : According to this theory, the life was created by super natural power of the god. This theory is based on religious faith. According to Hindu Mythology, the god of creation is Brahma. He created universe and human beings. According to Christian thought the god created universe, earth, plants, animals, and man within seven days.

Biology

HSEB Notes of Botany

Class 11

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Unit One : Introduction to Biology (Bio Molecules)

Not Avaliable, Coming soon

Biochemically important organic and inorganic molecules (general concepts) : Carbohydrate, protein, Lipid, nucleic acid, minerals and water.

Unit Two : Cell Biology

The cell : The cell as a unit of life, structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Structure and function of cell organelles and inclusions. Cell devision : A mitosis, mitosis, meiosis.

Biology | Botany

Biota And Their Environment

Class : 11

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Forest Resources
The forest is very important renewable natural resources. About 37% land area of Nepal is occupied by forest. But according to unofficial record only 10% land area is occupied by forest.

Biology | Botany

Angiosperm

Class : 11
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Cruciferae
The cruciferae is also known as mustard family. This family includes 375 genera and 3200 species. The plants are found abundantly in northern hemisphere and distributed worldwide. This family includes vegetables flowers and wild varieties.

Biology | Botany

Kingdom Plantae

Class : 11

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Spirogyra

Habitat : They are abundantly found in fresh water resources like ponds pools, ditches, springs, lakes, streams etc. they are widely distributed throughout the world.

Question Paper | Chemistry
Old Question Paper of Chemistry
Class 11
Year : 2070 B.S. (2013)

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Biology | Botany
Biodiversity
Class : 11
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Five Kingdom System of Classification

To include all the organisms, Robort H Whittaker in 1969 proposed a new system of classification. In his system, the organisms are included in five kingdoms. They are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae. This system is based on cellular complexity, body structure, and mode of nutrition.

Biology | Botany
Cell Biology
Class : 11
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The cell is defines as living unit of life or basic unit of life or structural and functional unit of life or fundamental unit of life or autonomous and self contained unit of the life. In 1665, Robert Hook discovered cell. In his experiment, he cut the cork pieces. Then he observed under his microscope and found many small compartments in it. He named each compartment Cell.

Question Paper | Mathematics

Old Question Paper of Mathematics

Class : 11

Year : 2070 B.S. (2013)

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The Heritage of Words - Book cover photo

English | Unit-Wise Summary
The Heritage of Words - Complete Summary
Class: 12

The objectives of this selection, The Heritage of Words, is to help readers acquire sensitivity and involvement in the act of reading, and look at both the abstract and tangible of aspect life with insight and understanding.

The tests have been grouped under eight headings. This grouping is a heuristically productive device. It also helps readers work out a system of reference to knowledge that the texts represents. The texts cover a wide range of themes, but they introduced the themes not only as a matter of encyclopedic significance but also as a way of developing reader's sensitivity to look at various aspects of reality, art and letters.

English | Summary
Unit Eight : Playing with Text
The Boarding House
Wilhelm Grimn
The Heritage of Words

After a difficult marriage with a drunken husband that ends in separation, Mrs. Mooney opens a boarding house to make a living. Jack, her son and Polly, her daughter live with her in the house, which is occupied by clerks from the city, as well as occasional tourists and musicians. Mrs. Mooney runs a strict and tight business and is known by the lodgers as “The Madam.” Polly, who used to work in an office, now stays at home at her mother’s request, to amuse the lodgers and help with the cleaning. Surrounded by so many young men, Polly ultimately develops a relationship with a rich thirty five years old Mr. Doran.

English | Summary
Unit Eight : Playing With Text
Gretel
Garrison Keillor
The Heritage of Words

‘Gretel’ by Garrison Keillor is an interpretation of the story "Hansel and Gretel" from the perspective of a female. The interpreter is Gretel who denies her cowardice in the original story. She claims that the depiction is distorted one. Gretel says that there was an understanding between her and her brother to sell their story to Grimm brothers. They had signed in a contract paper with an agreement to share fifty-fifty of the profit. But unexpectedly, Gretel found the story published the other day totally different order.

English | Summary
Unit Eight : Playing With Text
Hansel and Gretel
Jacob and Wilhelm
The Heritage of Words

Once there was a famine in a country, which compelled the step mother to think of leaving the children to the forest. The father yielded to the wish of wife, as she was pigheaded. In the morning, the step mother asked them to get ready to go to the forest. Hansel had collected pebbles as he had heard the conversation of parents the earlier night. As they left their home, the boy dropped pebbles on the way. After walking for some duration, they reached to a spot where the step mother asked the children to wait till they return back. But it was only a trick to leave the children in the forest.

English | Summary
Unit Seven : Crime and Confession
Purgatory
William Butler Yeats
The Heritage of Words

The boy and his father walk on the moonlight night; they are near a ruined house. Pointing towards the house, the old man describes the past of it. The house used to be occupied by his mother and her husband. The mother of the old man had married with the groom of the stable as soon as she met him. The man later turned out to be a drunkard and gambler. Due to drinking and gambling, he emptied everything he had. The mother died while giving birth to him.

English | Summary
Unit Seven : Crime and Confession
The Tell-Tale Heart
Edger Allan Poe
The Heritage of Words

The narrator claims that he is not mad as he could hear things in the heaven, earth and hell. To justify himself saint, he confesses dangerous crime he has committed. The narrator and the old man used to reside together; they had very good relationship. The man used to love the old man very much. The old man also used to treat him well. The only thing that irritated the narrator was the eyes of him which were pale and vulture like. To end the consequences, he went to the old man's room continuously for seven days. But returned, as he could not see the eyes of the man.

English | Summary
Unit Six : Women and Children
A Child is Born
Germaine Greer
The Heritage of Words

Childbirth management in the Eastern society varies from place to place. The mother is familiar about the way of giving birth to child in such society because they are used to in such customs. They don't feel so much physical and mental tension while giving birth. The approach in Eastern society is ritualistic. She is covered with taboos and prohibitions which reduces her psychological burden.

English | Summary
Unit Six : Women and Children
The Children Who Wait
Marsha Traugot
The Heritage of Words

Marsha Traugot's essay "The children Who Wait" discusses the scene of adoption in American context. Marsha Traugot begins her essay with the picture of Tammy, which has been published in a magazine with the hope that someone would be ready to adopt her. She is five and half years old with the face of Mona Lisa. The writer describes her unadaptable child had she been born before 1960. During that period only white healthy children were considered adaptable. Physically deformed children’s were referred as damaged goods. No one was ready to adopt such children. The children who were black, mixed racial group, handicapped and over five years were not adopted by families. This view, however, started disappearing after the sixties.

Ilene Kantrov

English | Summary
Unit Six : Women and Children
Women's Business
Ilene Kantrov
The Heritage of Words

Women’s business is an essay written by Ilene Kantrov which is about some women from the United States of America who have been successful in business. It tells about other business women who followed Lydia’s footsteps. It deals the subject of how women took part in the business and what things were produced and sold by them.

English | Summary
Unit Five : Human Rights
I Have a Dream
Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Heritage of Words

Martin Luther King, a black civil right campaigner, delivered an unforgettable speech " I Have a Dream" on August 28, 1963 commemorating the centennial of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. In this speech he presses for equal treatment and improved circumstances for blacks, and stresses on the necessity of eradicating institutional racial inequalities. King expresses sharp dissatisfaction over segregation and racial discrimination. He demands a fast end to racial discrimination, pledging his followers to a fight to the finish to wipe out all forms of segregation and to achieve equality and integration. However, he is in favour of creative and disciplined protest without physical violence. In his speech he even appeals the Whites to join hands with Blacks in order to revolt against discriminatory practices against Blacks. He does not show hatred against Whites, he is against color discrimination and racial prejudice.

English | Summary
Unit Three : Humour and Satire
The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship
Garica Marquez
The Heritage of Words

The boy, who is also main character of the story used to go to sea where he had seen a mysterious ship in his childhood. The ship used to appear when there was darkness and vice versa. The ship was bigger than the village and taller than the steeple of the church. But he could not see the ship in the later years. However the boy didn’t stop going to sea. He had determined to show the existence of ship to the villager after he was beaten on charge of being a liar. After many years he saw the same ship by the harbor. He could not believe his eyes.

English | Summary
Unit Two : Ecology and Change
Traveling Through the Dark
William Stafford
The Heritage of Words

William Stafford's poem "Traveling Through the Dark" examines the killing of a pregnant doe by a hit-and-run driver, and the dilemma faced by the speaker who is also a driver. People generally travel in the dark when there is some urgency or when they have some immediate destination to reach. Speaker is traveling in the dark with some special purpose. So he is in a hurry. On his way he finds a dead deer on the edge of Wilson River.

English | Summary
Unit Two : Ecology and Change
Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star
M. Lilla and C. Bishop Berry
The Heritage of Words

American geographers M. Lilla and C. Bishop Barry in their essay Hurried trip to avoid a Bad Star present an exploration of Karnali zone of western Nepal on foot for 15 months. This essay was published as a visit report in The National Geographic as Karnali, The road less World of Western Nepal in 1971. The writers in this essay describe the life account of Karnali zone people, their daily life, their tradition and culture, their lack of awareness about environmental preservation and Karnali zone’s economic dependency with the plain region of south Nepal.

English | Summary
Unit Two : Ecology and Change
Two Long-Term Problems : Too Many People, Too Few Trees
Moti Nissani
The Heritage of Words

In the brief essay, Two Long Term Problems: Too Many People, Too Few Trees, Moti Nissani discusses two inter related problems they are, overpopulation and deforestation. With their impact showing several consequences of the twin problems, the writer makes us aware about our duties to solve them and to save the bio-sphere for our future generation.

English | Summary
Unit One : Love And Reminiscence
About Love
Anton Chekhov
The Heritage of Words

“About Love “presents three dimensional love stories. The first love is of Nikanor and Palegeya, second is of Alyohin and a Russian girl, and the third Alyohin and a married women Anna. The Love of Luganovich and Anna is one of the third parts. These three stories are the representatives of the three categories of love.

English | Summary
Unit One : Love And Reminiscence
Grandmother
Ray Young Bear
The Heritage of Words

"Grandmother" written by American- Indian poet Ray Young Bear is a recollection of poet's unfathomable love for his grandmother. The poet draws the picture of his grandmother - all loving, all inspiring- through the use of images.

English | Unit-Wise Summary
The Magic of Words
Class : 11

The Magic of Words is based on the idea that reading is an informational as well as a recreational activity, and that a good selection of well-written texts sensitize the readers toward developing an intelligent awareness of some of the most important issues involved in living.

English | Summary
Unit Six : Life and Death
The Gardener
Rudyard Kipling
The Magic Of Words

‘The Gardener’ ends surprisingly revealing the reality of Helen, the protagonist, and her relationship with Michael. Michael, whom Helen calls nephew, is in reality, her son whose father is unknown throughout the story. The gardener is a mysterious character who does not appear at first and in the middle but only at the last of the story creating confusions in the readers.

Helen Turrell conceals (hides) the truth about Michael till the end of the story but she does not show any reaction when the gardener confidently says he will tell where her son lies.

English | Summary
Unit Six : Life and Death
In Bed
Joan Didion
The Magic Of Words

‘In Bed’, an essay by Joan Didion depicts her personal experiences with migraine headache, which she inherits from her parents. She presents something unusual about the disease in a more philosophical and meditative domain of thought.

English | Summary

Unit Six : Life and Death

On The Vanity of Earthly Greatness

Arthur Guiterman

The Magic Of Words

“On the Vanity of Worldly Things” is a poem written by Arthur Guiterman, an American poet and journalist, is best known for his humorous verse. Through humour, he has tried to depict the reality of human beings and animals caused by the change in time. It shows the bitter reality that the power of animals or human beings doesn’t remain same when time and situation change. We always run after reputation and prestige. We become or want to be great and we think it will remain the same forever. We earn reputation and prestige and we think it will remain the same forever. We earn reputation and we think that the credit won’t be lost but actually we won’t think that is destroyed in due course of time. Our greatness is dismissed by time. So, time laughs at our blindness and pride.

English | Summary
Unit Six : Life and Death
The Six Million Dollar Man
Harold J. Morowitz
The Magic Of Words

Dr. Harold J Morowita is a professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. He is a scientist, teacher, and author. ‘The Six Million Dollar Man’ is a popular essay in which Morowitz examines the statistical statement that the chemical value of the human body is only 97 cents. He spends his essay in refining and improving the statement and tries to arrive at a more accurate definition at the end.

English | Summary
Unit Five : Identity, Gender and Ethnicity
Malini
Rabindranath Tagore
The Magic of Words

Rabindranath Tagore is a Bengali Indian poet, writer and philosopher. He was born is 1861 and died in Calcutta (now Kolkata). He is famous for his poetic works, philosophical plays, novels and short stories. The poetic play, Malini, is a story of love and hatred. It also deals with the topics such as religion, faith, friendship, devotion, sacrifice, forgiveness, loyalty, betrayal, etc.

English | Summary
Unit Four : Humour
Oops ! How's That Again
Roger Rosenblatt
The Magic of Words

“Oops! How’s That Again” is an essay written by Rosenblatt and this essay has a humorous tone. Through the humorous tone also, the essayist has tried to reflect the bitter reality of human beings when they make mistake when they speak. He enriches his discussion with remarkable examples; although, as befits its subject. He is much concerned with the psychological causes of bloopers.

English | Summary
Unit Four : Humour
Concrete Cat
Dorthi Charles
The Magic of Words

“Concrete Cat” is an example of a concrete poem, a poem just giving focus to the physical picture and not the imagination, emotion and language. This type of poem is written for eyes and not for mind and heart. It does not appeal to the heart because it doesn’t emphasize on emotion and thought. It is written in the short form, which is also called “reduced language”. Words do not follow the regular pattern of the poems. Words are scattered in such a way that they form the real portrait of the thing to be expressed by the poem. The chief concern of such a poem is with the physical appearance of poetry- not primarily with ideas or emotions and also not with language as we ordinarily use.

English | Summary
Unit Three : Ecology and Environment
Keeping Things Whole
Mark Strand
The Magic of Words

The poem Keeping Things Whole is taken from Selected Poems (1980). The poet pleads for wholeness against the usual fragmentation that goes on in life. The poet believes in whole part and not in partial. He knows the value of each and every part of nature to present nature as whole. He tries to know the value of each and every small and small constituents of nature to continue the wholeness of nature. The poet indirectly pleads human beings to fill the gaps in the nature if they separate the parts of nature. The poet indirectly pleads human beings to keep nature whole by conserving its every small parts in every small part in every nook and corner.

English | Summary
Unit Three : Ecology and Environment
Unchopping a Tree
W.S. Merwin
The Magic of Words

In the essay “Unchopping a Tree”, the writer presents impossible example to convey deep meaning. Joining the chopped parts of trees refers to the new plantation of more trees in the open fields, which are full of stumps. Every part of trees refers to the every parts of the nature whether they are small or big. Each and every parts of nature is important. As we are also the creation of the nature, it is our duty to maintain the balance in the nature. We don’t have rights to destroy the nature. Actually we are not destroying the nature but we are destroying ourselves. Our lives totally depend upon the nature. Through the writer’s appeal to join the parts of the chopped trees, he wants to remind human beings about their important works to be done to conserve the greenery of the nature.

English | Summary
Unit Three : Ecology And Environment
The Nightmare Life Without Fuel
Isaac Asimov
The Magic of Words

“The Nightmare Life Without Fuel” is an essay, which depicts the life of this world in coming future when the fuel resources will have reduced from their source. The main thrust of this essay is: what is going to happen if we do not conserve the world’s natural resources. Asimov focuses on a specific problem that will arise by the lack of fuels. This whole world is run by different resources such as petrol, diesel, water, wood, etc. We cannot imagine this world without the use of fuel. In comparison to the past days, we are now facing the problem of scarcity of fuel resources. Earlier these resources were found in large quantity and life style was easier.

The poplar field, tree, green grass, ground

English | Summary
Unit Three : Ecology And Environment
The Poplar Field
William Cowper
The Magic of Words

Hemingway is a romantic poet. Like his other literary works, this is also a romantic poem representing nature. He describes the difference in the environment and natural beauty before and after the poplar trees are fallen down. With example of poplar trees, the poet wants to show the real phase of human life according to rule of nature.

English | Summary
Unit Two : Men, Women and Children
The Three Day Blow
Ernest Hemingway
The Magic of Words

“ The Three Days Blow” is a plot less story in a dramatic way. Two friends Nick and Bill meet at Bill’s cottage. The weather is shown violent. There is rain and storm. So, this is an ideal situation to stay inside home. They make fire, burn lots of logs and make themselves warm. They drink different alcohol and go on talking about different topics such as books, fishing, girlfriend, hunting, etc. without any plot, the story ends. The topics of the talk change suddenly from one subject to another.

English | Summary
Unit Two : Men, Women and Children

A Worn Path

Eudora Welty

The Magic of Words

The story “A Worn Path” is about an old black woman called Phoenix Jackson. She used to live in a village far away from the town. She had no one except a grandson. He was very sick so she had to go to the town at regular intervals to bring medicine for her grandson. The town was very far from her village and the journey was really very difficult.

English | Summary
Unit Two : Men, Women and Children
Look At Teacup
Patricia Hampl
The Magic of Words

The essay ‘Look At A Teacup’, written by Patricia Hampel, shows how a simple writing helps in finding out great events. It is about the history of writer’s mother in a delicate teacup. The two major themes of this essay are relationship between a mother and her daughter and a connection between the past generation and present generation. Both these things are represented by a teacup.

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